DEL BANCO DE INVESTIGACIÓN A LA BIOSFERA: INTEGRACIÓN DE PRINCIPIOS DE DISEÑO SEGURO Y SOSTENIBLE EN LA PRÓXIMA GENERACIÓN DE NANOMATERIALES: SÍNTESIS VERDE, INGENIERÍA DE RIESGOS Y GESTIÓN DEL CICLO DE VIDA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov17n6-096Palabras clave:
Diseño Seguro y Sostenible (SSbD), Síntesis Verde de Nanomateriales, Relaciones Estructura–Propiedad–Peligro, Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida (ACV), Evaluación de Riesgos de NanomaterialesResumen
La trayectoria de la innovación en nanotecnología se encuentra ahora en una coyuntura crítica: ¿perpetuará la próxima generación de nanomateriales el paradigma reactivo de gestión de peligros del pasado, o adoptará una integración proactiva de seguridad, sostenibilidad y rendimiento desde las primeras etapas conceptuales? Esta revisión articula una visión prospectiva para la nanotecnología segura y sostenible por diseño (SSbD), trazando los caminos intelectuales y prácticos desde la síntesis de laboratorio hasta el destino ambiental—del banco a la biosfera. Sintetizamos evidencia de 182 estudios revisados por pares para demostrar cómo los principios de la química verde, la ingeniería estructura–propiedad–peligro, la evaluación prospectiva del ciclo de vida (ACV) y el cribado biológico iterativo convergen para permitir el diseño racional de nanomateriales que minimizan el riesgo intrínseco mientras ofrecen excelencia funcional. Los hallazgos cuantitativos subrayan tanto el progreso como los desafíos persistentes: las rutas de síntesis biogénica eliminan reactivos tóxicos; la ACV prospectiva revela que el escalado puede reducir los impactos ambientales en aproximadamente dos órdenes de magnitud, pero simultáneamente expone compensaciones como un menor potencial de calentamiento global junto con una mayor toxicidad humana y ecotoxicidad de agua dulce; las exposiciones ocupacionales medidas durante el procesamiento de nanomateriales varían de 4,71×10³ a 1,75×10⁶ partículas·cm⁻³, con concentraciones de fibras respirables que alcanzan 0,13 fibras·cm⁻³ durante operaciones de molienda. A pesar de estos avances, persisten brechas críticas: conjuntos de datos de ecotoxicidad escasos, alta incertidumbre de la ACV en bajos niveles de preparación tecnológica, datos limitados de transformación ambiental y marcos regulatorios fragmentados. Esta revisión proporciona una hoja de ruta estratégica para integrar los principios SSbD en los procesos de innovación de nanomateriales, ofreciendo a investigadores, profesionales de la industria y responsables políticos una síntesis integral del conocimiento actual, estrategias de diseño accionables y una evaluación lúcida de las fronteras científicas y de gobernanza que deben cruzarse para lograr una nanotecnología verdaderamente sostenible.
Descargas
Referencias
[10] Ł. Niżnik, M. Noga, and A. Kobylarz, "Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)—toxicity, safety and green synthesis: a critical review," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 25, no. 7, p. 4057, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25074057
[11] P. Thakur and S. Kumar, "Ecotoxicity analysis and risk assessment of nanomaterials for the environmental remediation," Macromolecular Symposia, vol. 407, no. 1, p. 2100438, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.202100438
[12] I. Furxhi et al., "Status, implications and challenges of European safe and sustainable by design paradigms applicable to nanomaterials and advanced materials," RSC Sustainability, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 234–250, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2su00101b
[13] J. B. Guinée, R. Heijungs, G. Huppes, A. Zamagni, P. Masoni, R. Buonamici, T. Ekvall, and T. Rydberg, "The meaning of life… cycles: lessons from and for safe by design studies," Green Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 23, pp. 9080–9099, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2gc02761e
[14] M. Habeeb Hiba and J. E. Thoppil, "Medicinal herbs as a panacea for biogenic silver nanoparticles," Bulletin of the National Research Centre, vol. 46, no. 1, p. 13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00692-x
[15] I. Roy, "Green synthesis of nanomaterials," in Nanomaterials: Processing and Characterization with Lasers, S. C. Singh, H. B. Zeng, C. Guo, and W. Cai, Eds. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2012, pp. 67–95.
[16] I. Roy, M. Rana, S. S. Bhattacharya, and S. Bhattacharya, "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: an approach to overcome toxicity," Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 807–812, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2013.07.005
[17] M. T. Larraz, M. Blanes, and J. M. Navas, "DIAGONAL Deliverable 5.1: DIAGONAL SbD and SusbD implementation framework," Zenodo, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8142985
[18] I. Bartolozzi et al., "Life cycle assessment of emerging environmental technologies in the early stage of development: A case study on nanostructured materials," Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 101–115, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/JIEC.12959
[19] I. Corsi et al., "Environmentally Sustainable and Ecosafe Polysaccharide-Based Materials for Water Nano-Treatment: An Eco-Design Study," Materials, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1228, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA11071228
[1] S. L. Harper et al., "Proactively designing nanomaterials to enhance performance and minimise hazard," International Journal of Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 124–142, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJNT.2008.016552
[20] R. S. Varma, "Greener approach to nanomaterials and their sustainable applications," Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 123–128, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COCHE.2011.12.002
[21] S. Dwivedi et al., "Eco-design and modification study of bionanoparticles and life cycle assessment: keys to sustainability," in Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds, Elsevier, 2022, pp. 541–570.
[22] R. Jandrotia et al., "Green nanomaterials: an eco-friendly route for sustainable nanotechnology," in Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds, Elsevier, 2024, pp. 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99682-2.00002-5
[23] G. K. Soufi et al., "Eco-friendly and sustainable synthesis of biocompatible nanomaterials for diagnostic imaging: current challenges and future perspectives," Green Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 4228–4246, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00734j
[28] S. Shamaila, A. K. L. Sajjad, and N. Iqbal, "Advancements in nanoparticle fabrication by hazard free eco-friendly green routes," Applied Materials Today, vol. 5, pp. 150–199, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2016.09.009
[29] P. Rani, V. K. Yadav, and K. K. Yadav, "Environmental, legal, health, and safety issues of green nanomaterials," in Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds, Elsevier, 2022, pp. 515–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823137-1.00020-8
[2] L. M. Gilbertson et al., "Designing Nanomaterials to Maximize Performance and Minimize Undesirable Implications Guided by the Principles of Green Chemistry," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 44, no. 16, pp. 5758–5777, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.201538286
[34] A. Chatzipanagiotou et al., "Towards safe and sustainable by design nanomaterials: Risk and sustainability assessment on two nanomaterial case studies at early stages of development," Sustainable futures, vol. 8, p. 100511, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100511
[3] B. Salieri et al., "Integrative approach in a safe by design context combining risk, life cycle and socio-economic assessment for safer and sustainable nanomaterials," NanoImpact, vol. 21, p. 100335, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IMPACT.2021.100335
[4] S. J. Brennan and E. Valsami-Jones, "Safe by Design for Nanomaterials—Late Lessons from Early Warnings for Sustainable Innovation," Nanoethics, vol. 15, pp. 249–263, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11569-021-00393-9
[5] J. E. Hutchison, "The road to sustainable nanotechnology: Challenges, progress, and opportunities," ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 5907–5914, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSSUSCHEMENG.6B02121
[6] J. A. Dahl, B. L. S. Maddux, and J. E. Hutchison, "Toward Greener Nanosynthesis," Chemical Reviews, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 2228–2269, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1021/CR050943K
[7] S. F. Hansen et al., "Transformation and distribution processes governing the fate and behaviour of nanomaterials in the environment: an overview," in Nanomaterials: Risks and Benefits, I. Linkov and J. Steevens, Eds. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015, pp. 87–100.
[8] G. A. Tsalidis et al., "Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design Framework Based on a Prospective Life Cycle Assessment: Lessons Learned from a Nano-Titanium Dioxide Case Study," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 4241, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074241
[9] S. K. Verma et al., "ZnO nanomaterials: Green synthesis, toxicity evaluation and new insights in biomedical applications," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 876, p. 160175, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2021.160175
