VACCINE HESITATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW WITH BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov17n2-026Keywords:
Vaccine, Hesitation, Anti-vaccine, Fake News, VaccinationAbstract
Even with numerous evidence demonstrating that vaccines are effective in controlling diseases, the number of people resistant to vaccination is increasing. Defined by the World Health Organization as "vaccine hesitancy," this phenomenon was recognized in 2019 as one of the ten biggest public health problems we will face in the coming years. However, studies that have used behavioral theories in vaccine consumption are rare and scarce. Thus, it is relevant to improve the understanding of the factors that may be associated with resistance to consumption. This review aims to map the main factors related to resistance to vaccine consumption, identified in previous studies through a systematic literature review. An electronic search was conducted in five databases: PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science, Lilacs, and Scopus, using a combination of keywords and appropriate terms. A total of 4,870 articles were found, of which 359 were selected and included. Secondary results identified the authors who published most frequently, journals, and rankings according to Scimago Journal Rank. An infographic with a timeline presenting important historical facts about vaccine resistance was also developed. The analysis showed an increase in scientific production in recent years, which may reflect concern about the anti-vaccine movement, associated with serious public health problems such as the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, the analysis revealed that vaccine resistance has existed for approximately 220 years. Known factors such as fear, lack of information, ignorance, cultural and religious factors, among others, were identified. On the other hand, new factors are being associated with vaccine resistance and stand out in the contemporary and pandemic context of the new Coronavirus, such as concerns about cost, product efficacy, distrust in governments, distrust in the pharmaceutical industry, lack of transparency in government information, and climate concerns, indicating that resistance factors vary considerably depending on the context. The main factors are a lack of knowledge about vaccines, the adverse reactions they may cause, fake news that hinders risk perception, and distrust in government representatives. These findings reinforce the need for governments and authorities to develop communication strategies that take into account the world of fake news and the need for clarification and education about the importance of vaccination, as well as to compete in the dissemination of information so as not to lose "territory" since the internet is widely used.
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