TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC-FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF TILAPIA FARMING USING NATURAL FEED
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/revgeov17n3-145Keywords:
Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Macrophytes, SDG 2, Natural Feeding, Complex SystemsAbstract
Hunger and food insecurity persist as critical global challenges, exacerbated by socioeconomic inequalities, climate change, and increasing pressure on natural resources. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2023), more than 735 million people still face some degree of hunger, highlighting the urgency of sustainable and inclusive productive systems. In this context, Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) — “Zero Hunger and Sustainable Agriculture” — sets targets that include the eradication of hunger and the promotion of resilient agricultural practices. The search for innovative solutions for food production thus becomes a strategic priority. Aquaculture emerges as a promising alternative for sustainably expanding the supply of animal protein. Among farmed species, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stands out as the most widely cultivated worldwide. Within this framework, the present study aims to demonstrate the technical and economic-financial feasibility of tilapia farming based exclusively on natural feeding, as an innovative and sustainable alternative aligned with the goals of SDG 2. A literature review was conducted to identify animal and plant species potentially usable as natural feed for tilapia. Based on this review, a mix of natural food sources was selected, composed of Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, Wolffia brasiliensis, and Phalloceros harpagos or Poecilia reticulata. The selection was based on criteria prioritizing ease of cultivation by laypersons with limited time availability. The project was submitted to the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) of Univille and received authorization from ICMBio for its execution. The experiment was conducted on a small-scale rural property, using triplicate treatments and a control. Over a six-month period, four groups of 110 tilapia each were maintained in four 1,000-liter water tanks and fed twice daily—one group with commercial feed and three with the natural feeding mix. In addition to the food provided, consisting of larvae of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor, each tank contained a floating island built with garden hose and a wire frame covered with plastic mesh, where Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, and Wolffia brasiliensis were cultivated, serving as habitat and protection for the reproduction of Phalloceros harpagos or Poecilia reticulata. Leaves, roots, and fish that extended beyond the mesh were continuously available as food for the tilapia. One of the challenges encountered, which affected tilapia development, was the low water temperature (average maximum of 26.6 °C and average minimum of 21.6 °C). Multiple areas of knowledge underpin the theoretical framework of this research, characterizing its interdisciplinary nature. Agronomy, Animal Science, Zoology, Botany, Fisheries Resources, and Fisheries Engineering converge to demonstrate that sustainable aquaculture production requires a systemic approach. The tested system was distinguished by the presence of multiple symbiotic relationships (Morin, 2011) and by being autopoietic (Maturana & Varela, 2006), thus constituting a complex adaptive system (Morin, 2011). The research was successful in demonstrating the technical and economic-financial feasibility of tilapia farming with natural feeding, showing that the proposed system can be applied both commercially and in subsistence initiatives. In the financial projection proposed in this study, with a one-year cultivation period, the operating result was on the order of 350%. In addition, the system proved to be an environmentally appropriate strategy for the use of organic waste. Another important aspect is that all components of the natural feeding system can also be directly commercialized. The experiment revealed numerous possibilities in the intended direction, demonstrating that the tilapia farming system based on natural feeding can be applied in different productive and social contexts. The results suggest that this approach contributes not only to the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture, but also to the promotion of food security and inclusion. The proposed model reinforces the importance of innovation based on ecological principles and the efficient management of available resources, aligning with the objectives of SDG 2 and with contemporary challenges in sustainable food production.
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